"Ana Pana" Lernu! Course, Parto 4 (Esperanto-English)

Hangover from last lesson:
I asked the tutor "Why do numbers not take -n when they are describing the direct object."

They replied back in Esperanto. I won't post the full response but I will post snippets of it that will help me learn Esperanto (underlined are words new to me or ways I didn't realize to use them):

Their simple answer was: Ili estas simplaj etaj vortoj. (They are simple little words).
I found this response cool because -et- is used to denote diminutive, but one can just make it an adjective to mean little.

An added note - Simile ni ne deklinacias "la" (Similarly we don't decline "la").

Other notes he gives: something like sepn would be hard to pronounce. Some languages do decline numbers, but it would just make Esperanto more complicated, not less, so that is probably why it isn't done.
(Sed is but)

Vocabulary
akvo - water
al - to / in the direction of
bicikli - to cycle
bone - well / ok
cxefe - mainly / chiefly
filmo - film
fisxajxo - fish meat
fisxo - fish
foje - at some time / on occasion
iu - some / someone / some individual
jam - already / yet
kanti - to sing
kuiri - to cook
legi - to read
lerni - to learn
li - he
lia - his
libro - book
lingvo - language
ludi - to play
muziko - music
nagxi - to swim
ne - not / no
nova - new
ofte - regularly / often
okupo - occupation
paroli - to speak
placxi - to be pleasing
sed - but
spekti - to watch
sporto - sport
sxati - to like
sxatokupo - hobby
teniso - tennis
vegetare - vegetarian / in a vegetarian way

Grammar
-ajx- is a suffix denoting something concrete or a concrete appearance
-em- is a suffix denoting inclination
-ad- is a suffice denoting a continuing or repeated action
al is the preposition to

Text
Ana sxatas kanti. Sxi ofte kantas. Kaj sxi bone kantas! Kanti estas sxia sxatokupo.
Sxi ankaux sxatas ludi tenison kaj bicikli. Do, Ana estas kaj muzikema kaj sportema.
Al Ana ankaux placxas legi librojn kaj spekti filmojn.
La gefratoj de Ana ofte nagxas. Ili tre sxatas ludi en akvo.
Sxatokupo de la patrino de Ana estas lerni lingvojn. Sxi jam bone parolas sep lingvojn!
La patro de Ana ne sxatas lerni  novajn lingvojn. Lia sxatokupo estas kuirado. Cxefe li kuiras vegetare, sed iufoje li kuiras ankaux fisxajxon.

Questions Exercise
Sxia respondo: Jes, mi sxatas kanti.
Mia demando: Cxu vi sxatas kanti?
Sxia respondo: Jes, mi estas sportema.
Mia demando: Cxu vi sxatas ludi tenison kaj bicikli? [It didn't like this]
Mia demando: Cxu vi sxatas sporti? [It didn't like this]
Mia demando: Cxu vi estas sportema?
Sxia respondo: Ne, ne placxas al mi kuiri.
Mia demando: Cxu via sxatokupo estas kuirado? [It didn't like this]
Mia demando: Cxu vi placxas al kuiri? [It didn't like]
Mia demando: Cxu vi placxas al vi kuiri? [It didn't like]
Mia demando: Cxu placxas al vi kuiri?
Sxia respondo: La sxatokupo de mia patrino estas lerni novan lingvon.
Mia demando: Kio estas via patrino sxatokupo? [It didn't like]
Mia demando: Kiu en via familio placxas lerni novan lingvon? [It didn't like]
Mia demando: Kio estas la sxatokupo de via patrino?
Sxia respondo: Mia patrino parolas sep lingvojn.
Mia demando: Kiom linvojn parolas via patrinon? [It didn't like]
Mia demando: Kiom da lingvoj parolas via patrino?

Correspondance Exercise
Submitted

(Parto 4 de "Ana Pana" en Lernu!)

"Ana Pana" Lernu! Course, Parto 3 (Esperanto-English)

Vocabulary
agxo - age
alia - other
ankaux - too / also
apartamento - apartment
cxambro - room
cxar - because
cxu - is it true that
do - therefore, so
fratino - sister
frato - brother
gxemelo - twin
havi - to have
ili - they
ilia - their
jen - here is / here are / behold
hiom - how much / what amount
kun - with
ni - we
nia - our
patrino - mother
patro - father
pli - more
posedi - to possess
sama - same
simila - similar
tie - there / in that place

Grammar
cxu - question word for yes/no answers
da - prepositon of (quantity)
Tiu - that one
kiom - how much
kial - why
pli - more ; plej - most
ol - conjunction for comparisons (than)

Text
Jen mia familio!
En mia familio estas kvin personoj. Estas mi, mia patrino kaj mia patro. Mi havas ankaux fraton kaj fratinon. Mi do havus du gefratojn. Ili estas pli junaj ol mi. Mia patrino estas la plej agxa en nia familio.
Miaj gepatroj posedas apartamenton. En tiu apartamento ni logxas. La apartmento havas kvar cxambrojn. Miaj gefratoj logxas en unu cxambro kaj mi logxas en alia cxambro.
Miaj gefratoj tre similas. Ili fakte estas gxemeloj. Mia fratino havas dek du jarojn. Kiom da jaroj havas mia frato? Ankaux dek du. Gxemeloj ja estas samagxaj.
Jen - Here is
ankaux - Also
fakte - In fact
gxemeloj - twins
samagxaj - of the same age

Question Exercise
Her answer: En mia familio estas kvin personoj.
My question: Kiom personoj estas en via familio? [Didn't like it]
My question: Kiom da personoj estas en via familio?
Her answer: Jes, mi havas du gefratojn.
My question: Cxu vi havas gefratojn?
Her answer: Mia patrino estas la plej maljuna en mia familio.
My question: Kiu estas la plej maljuna en via familio?
Her answer: Ne, ni ne logxas en propra domo. Ni logxas en apartamento.
My question: Cxu vi logxas en propra domo?
Her answer: Nia apartamento havas kvar chambrojn.
My question: Kiom da cxambroj estas via apartamento? [ Didn't like it]
My question: Kiom da cxambroj havas via apartamento?

Correspondence Exercise: Sent

(Parto 3 de "Ana Pana" en Lernu!)

"Ana Pana" Lernu! Course, Parto 2 (Esperanto-English)

Vocabulary
Afriko - Africa
Ameriko - The New World
Azio - Asia
bildo - image / picture
de - of
ekzemple - for example
Euxropo - Europe
juna - young
kelkaj - some (countable) / some
knabino - girl
la - the
lando - country
mondo - world
Oceanio - Oceania
parto - part
strato - street
sur - on / upon
sxi - she
sxia - her
urbo - city / town

Grammar
Prepositions for this lesson: pri (about), de (of), sur (on), en (in)

Text
Sur la bildo estas knabino. Sxia nomo estas Ana. Sxia tuta nomo estas Ana Pana.
Ana estas juna. Ana estas 18-jara.
Le adreso de Ana estas: 1234 Long-strato. La retposxt-adreso de Ana estas ana@lernu.net.
Ana logxas en Novjorko. Novjorko estas urbo en Usono. Usono estas lando en Ameriko. Ameriko estas mondoparto.
En la mondo estas kelkaj mondopartoj, ekzemple: Ameriko, Afriko, Azio, Euxropo kaj Oceanio.

Making Questions for her Answers
Her answer: Mi logxas Novjorko.
My question: Kie vi logxas?
Her answer: Novjorko estas urbo en Usono.
My question: Kio estas Novjorko.
Her answer: Usono estas en la monodparto Ameriko.
My question: Kie estas Usono?
Her answer: Oceanio estas monoparto. En Oceanio estas ekzemple la landoj Auxstralio kaj Novzelando.
My question: Kio estas Oceanio?

Exercise
Sent to the tutor.

(This was Parto 2 of Ana Pana on Lernu!)

Memrise of common words (Esperanto-English)

This week is memorization week as I told people on reddit. A fellow r/team_esperanto user posted a link to a memorization-aid site that has some common Esperanto words. I wanted to first write out the words to help the process, and then will use this tool to memorize them. Sorry for the word flood that this post will be.

jaro - year

sen - without (prepostion)

ricxa - rich

Usono - USA

ja - indeed (emphatic particle)

li - he

regi - to rule / to control

hundo - dog

kosti - to cost

paroli - to speak

parto - part

forta - strong

axskulti - to listen

sxafo - sheep

bufedo - buffet

historio - history

por - for / in order to (preposition)

skatolo - box / case

cxevalo - horse

globo - globe / sphere

diri - to say

kato - cat

atesti - to attest / to certify

ridi - to laugh

opinii - to think / to have an opinion

dek - ten

dika - thick / fat

sub - under / beneath (preposition)

turni - to turn

nur - only

mardo - tuesday

bati - to hit / to beat

junio - June

alveni - to arrive

unu - one

gajni - to gain / to win / to acquire

sinjoro - mister / gentleman

jxeti - to throw

mejlo - mile

alia - other

ami - to love / to like

morti - to die

direkto - direction

porti - to carry

hejmo - home

tuj - immediately

sukcesi - to succeed

rimedo - means / resource

sxi - she

dum - while (conjunction), during (preposition)

preni - to take

nomo - name

biero - beer

veki - to wake (someone)

precipa - main / principal

cxokolado - chocolate

lerni - to learn

blonda - blond

nova - new

San-Francisko - San Francisco

ol - than

danki - to thank

konduki - to lead

minuto - minute

vagono - train waggon / carriage

bruli - to burn / to be on fire

konstrui - to build

certa - sure / certain

vetero - weather

biciklo - bicycle

cxasi - to hunt

momento - moment

voki - to call

aperi - to appear

gusto - taste

vilagxo - village

ovo - egg

stepo - steppe

papero - paper

teo - tea

butiko - store / shop

ambaux - both

frukto - fruit

felicxa - happy

prava - right / correct

jxurnalo - newspaper

soifi - to be thirsty

krii - to yell / to cry out

elekti - to choose / to elect

mi - I / me

super - over / above (preposition)

ligi - to tie / to bind

gustumi - to taste (something)

aero - air

kuaxzo - cause

Dalaso - Dallas

koro - heart

popolo - people / nation

sukero - sugar

mem - -self / -selves

Esperanto - Esperanto

klini - to incline / to bend

avo - grandfather

doloro - pain

korto - yard / courtyard

pro - because of / by reason of (preposition)

danci - to dance

fermi - to close

ricevi - to receive

fenestro - window

jes - yes

monato - month

trafi - to hit / to strike

miliono - million

Parizo - Paris

tipo - type / sort

okazi - to happen / to occur

varbi - to recruit

tago - day

plu - further / more

post - after / behind (preposition)

baldaux - soon

je - as regards / in relation to (indefinite preposition)

cxe - at / by (preposition)

blanka - white

rajto - a right

naux - nine

okulo - eye

simpla - simple

pilko - ball

dio - god

marko - sign / mark

problemo - problem

vivi - to live / to be alive

sendi - to send

glacio - ice

rguxa - red

fajro - fire

ekzerci - to exercise / to practice

vespero - evening

levi - to lift

trankvila - calm / quiet

perdi - to lose

pasxi - to step / to pace

kurso - course

decembro - December

tasko - task

utila - useful

atendi - to wait

jxus - just / just now

ondo - wave

agrabla - pleasant / nice / agreeable

alta - high / tall

ekster -outside / out of (preposition)

uzi - to use

promeni - to take a walk

Septembro - september

domo - house

orelo - ear

labori - to work

nul - zero

ke - that

studi - to study

lundo - Monday

libera - free / independent

vidi - to see

okupi - to occupy

timi - to fear

provi - to try / to test

bildo - picture

necesa - necessary

leciono - lesson

lito - bed

kalkuli - to count

bordo - border / shore / bank

amaso - mass / crowd

fari - to do / to make

trinki - to drink

gxangalo - jungle

dauxri - to last / to continue / to go on / to endure

manki - to be lacking / to be absent

posxo - pocket

tero - earth / ground

erari - to err / to make a mistake

kun - with (preposition)

tamtamo - tom-tom

fali - to fall

mezuri - to measure (something)

frauxlino - unmarried woman / Miss

deziri - to wash / to desire

ci - thou (rare)

robo - a dress

urbo - city / town

da - of (quantity / measurement) (preposition)

salti - to jump

poluso - pole (as in North Pole)

silenti - to be silent

Kalgario - Calgary

sed - but

mateno - morning

formo - form

jam - already

justa - just / fair

sufixca - sufficient / enough

morgaux - tomorrow

postuli - to demand / to require

kontenta - satisfied / content

gazeto - magazine

pordo - door

frau - early

nulo - nil

kreski - to grow

adiaux - goodbye

infano - child

kongreso - congress / convention

somero - summer

nek - nor / neither... nor...

kelka - some

edzo - husband

fojo - time / occasion

korpo - body

negxo - snow

viziti - to visit

pagi - to pay

sandvicxo - sandwich

cent - hundred

ses - six

Bruno - Brown

rigardi - to look (at)

onklo - uncle

korespondi - to correspond / to exchange letters

cxar - because / since

forgesi - to forget

almenaux - at least

celi - to aim at

veturi - to travel (by vehicle)

farti - to fare / to feel

per - by (means of) / with (preposition)

prosperi - to prosper

dubi - to doubt

lando - country / land

teatro - theater

linio - line

gxusta - correct / exact

vino - wine

bilardo - billiards / pool

rozo - rose

halti - to stop

premi - to press / to squeeze

tuta - whole / entire

oni - one / they

komenci - to begin

esperi - to hope

Afriko - Africa

brili - to shine / to be bright

acxeti - to buy

filo - son

verda - green

permesi - to allow / to permit

vera - true / real

frauxlo - bachelor

brui - to make a noise

kuri - to run

tamen - however, nevertheless

tre - very

pri - about / concerning

fisxo - fish

skribi - to write

flaso - glass / drinking glass

ehxo - echo

vendredo - Friday

cigaredo - cigarette

arto - art

mangxi - to eat

segxo - chair

apetito - appetite

plej - most

miri - to marvel / to be amazed

membro - member

ligno - wood

dolcxa - sweet

koni - to know

resti - to remain / to continue to be

kutikumi - to go shopping

insekto - insect

al - to / towards

plezuro - pleasure / enjoyment

strato - street

gaja - happy / cheerful

hodiaux - today

rondo - round / circle

komerci - to trade / to do business

limonado - lemonade

bovatao - bull / ox

sata - full / not hungry

hieraux - yesterday

sur - on / upon (preposition)

sxipo - ship

mondo - world

peco - piece / bit

majo - May

novembro - November

plendi - to complain

pasi - to pass

jahxto - yacht

fini - to finish / to end (something)

auxtobuso - bus

sxuo - shoe

[There is a lot, I'm not going to bother writing down any more at the moment... We will see how it goes]

Saluton! (Video - Esperanto, Text - Esperanto-English)

Script
Saluton!
Mia nomo estas Nicholas.
Mi estas dudek kvar jara.
Mi logxis en Indiana.
Mi logxas en apartmento en la urbano St Paul en la sxtato Minesoto.
Mi estas postdiploma studento.
Mi studas biologion.
Mi havas unun fraton.
Lia nomo estas Morgan.
Mia gepatroj estas Cindy kaj Everett.
Mi trinkos kafon kaj mi mangxos panon kun marmelado post cxi.
Gxis!

English
Hello!
My name is Nicholas.
I am 24 years (old).
I lived in Indiana
I live in an apartment in the city St Paul in the state Minnesota.
I am a graduate student.
I study biology.
I have one brother.
His name is Morgan.
My parents are Cindy and Everett.
I will drink coffee and eat bread with jam after this.
Bye!

(Underlined words in the Esperanto are ones I looked up for this. I tried to avoid looking up too many but I also wanted things to say.)

Don Harlow's 16 Rules of Esperanto Grammar

Don Harlow has a variety of resources for learning Esperanto. One of these that is useful is his 16 Rules of Esperanto grammar. I've covered most all of these but I will put in short notes on what he lists based on what I've learned (so you should check out his page!).

1. There is no "a" / "an," and "la" is "the."

2. Noun endings: -o (singular regular noun), -oj (plural regular noun), -on (singular object noun), -ojn (plural object noun).

3. Adjectives agree with noun. -a, -aj, -an, -ajn.

4. Numbers: Numbers are built with complete regularity in the order of their base-10 place, and that base is stated after the number occupying it (du cent = 200), except for ones when it isn't called out (du = 2). To make the numbers ordinal, add -a. Fractions are -on (duon = half), multiples are -obl (duobl = double).

5. Pronouns: Mi, vi, li/sxi/gxi/oni, ni, ili. To make possessive add -a.

6. Verbs: infinitive = -i, present = -as, past = -is, future = -os, conditional = -us, imperative = -u. [He gives active and passive tenses as well that I haven't learned].

7. Adverbs: end in -e

8. Prepositions

9. Phonetics

10. Accent

11. Compound works: join with o if first word is object, i if first word is verb.

12. Negative: Ne / Ne-

13. Direction: requires -n on nouns

14. Je is a multipurpose preposition.

15. Borrowing foreign words (haven't learned enough about this to list notes)

16. Final vowel dropping (haven't learned enough about this to list notes)

Table of Correlatives (Esperanto-English)

I've been having troubles keeping the question words and such seperated. I found an awesome chart that I think studying it will help. I'm only reproducing my recreation of the table here as the site has a copywrite notice, and I thus don't want to go afoul of fair use. That said the website has excellent descriptions and explanations of Esperanto's correlatives. A similar chart can be found on Wikipedia.

	Question	Demonstrative	Indefinite	Universal	Negative
Individual	Kiu	Tiu	Iu	Cxiu	Neniu
	Who / Which	That one	Some (one)	Every(one)	No one / None
Thing	Kio	Tio	Io	Cxio	Nenio
	What	That thing	Something	Everything	Nothing
Kind	Kia	Tia	Ia	Cxia	Nenia
	What Kind Of	That kind of	Some kind of	Every kind of	No kind of
Place	Kie	Tie	Ie	Cxie	Nenie
	Where	There	Somewhere	Everywhere	Nowhere
Direction	Kien	Tien	Ien	Cxien	Neniem
	Where to	There	Somewhere	Everywhere	Nowhere
Time	Kiam	Tiam	Iam	Cxiam	Neniam
	When	Then	Sometime	Always	Never
Amount	Kiom	Tiom	Iom	Cxiom	Neniom
	How Much/Many	So Much/Many	Some	All	No amount
Manner	Kiel	Tiel	Iel	Cxiel	Neniel
	How	So	Somehow	In every way	In no way
Reason	Kial	Tial	Ial	Cxial	Nenial
	Why	So	For some reason	For every reason	For no reason
Possession	Kies	Ties	Ies	Cxies	Nenies
	Whose	That One's	Somebody's	Everyone's	Nobody's

Origin	De Kie
	From Where
Ordinal	Kioma
	What number
Specific	Kion
	Which
Affirmative	Cxu
	Yes or no