It is also daunting to look at this list because a lot of it hasn't stuck. But I don't need to learn all of the vocab and stuff right away. I think I should focus on question words, the prefixes and suffixes, and I can work on building up the vocab.
Verb Prefixes/Suffixes
-as = present
-is = past
-os = future
-i = infinitive
-ig- = to cause / to make
-u = imperative
-igx- = to get (to change state)
ek- = to start / to begin
-us = conditional
Examples:
Mi trinkas kafon (I drink coffee)
Mi trinkis kafon (I drank coffee)
Mi trinkos kafon (I will drink coffee)
Mi volas trinki kafon (I want to drink coffee)
Kafo trinigas min (Coffee causes me to drink)
Trinku la kafon! (Drink the coffee!)
La viro lacigxas. (The man gets tired)
Ana ekfartas malbone. (Ana starts to feel bad)
Se Ana havus multe da mono, sxi acxetus novan biciklon (If Ana had a lot of money, she would buy a new bike)
Noun Prefixes/Suffixes
-in- = feminine
-o = noun
-oj = plural
-isto = occupation / hobby / ideology
-on / -ojn = Object
-em- = to be fond of
mal--em- = to not be fond of
-ul- = type of person
-ism- = similar to in English (ex: communismo)
-et- = diminutive / small
-eg- = large
-il- = object used to do something with
ge- = both sexes together
Examples:
Patro, Patrino (Father, mother)
Homo, homoj (person, people)
Instrui, Instruisto (to teach, teacher)
Li instruas homojn (He teaches people)
Mi estas hundemo (I am a dog lover)
Li estas malhundemo (He is not fond of dogs)
La junulo dancas (The young people dance)
Lia ideologio estas komunismo (His ideology is communism)
Li estas knabeto (He is a little kid)
Gxis estas pomego (It is a big apple)
foto, fotilo (photograph, camera)
patroj, gepatroj (fathers, parents)
Adjective Endings/Prefixes
Must match noun in case and number
-a = adjective
-aj = plural
mal- = opposite
-em- = to be fond of
mal--em- = to not be fond of
Examples:
La domo estas bela (The house is beautiful)
La hundoj estas belaj (The dogs are beautiful)
La banano estas malbona (The banana is not good)
La hundema viro estas bona (The dog-lover man is good)
Question Words
-j = plural
-n = answer is object
-jn = answer is plural object
Kio - What
Kiu - Who or Which
Kie - Where
Kia = Describe (What is it like / What sort of / What kind)
Kiel = As / Like / How
Kiam = When
Kien = To where / in what direction
Kies = Whose / Which one's
De Kie = Of where / From where / Where from
Kiom = How much / how many
Kioma = How many / What number
Kion = Which / What
Kial = Why
Cxu = Makes yes or no question
Jes = Yes
Ne = No, not
Examples:
Kio estas tio? (What is that?)
- Tio estas homo (That is a person)
Kiu estas tiu? (Who is that?)
- Tiu estas Mauxro (That is Mauxro)
Kiu numero estas plej granda numero el: unu, du kaj tri? (Which number is the biggest out of: 1, 2 and 3?)
- Tri estas plej granda numero el tiuj. (Three is the biggest number out of them).
Kie estas li? (Where is he?)
- Li estas en la domo (He is in the house)
Kia estas la pilko? (Describe the ball?)
- La pilko estas granda (The ball is big)
Kiel venturas la auxto? (How does the car travel?)
- La auxto venturas malrapide (The car travels slow)
Kiam Mauxro instruas Esperanton al la infanoj? (When does Mauxro teach Esperanto to the infants?)
- Mauxro instruas Esperanton matene (Mauxro teaches Esperanto in the morning)
Kien iras la viro? (To where does the man go?)
- La viro iras gxis la domo (The man goes until the house)
Kies estas la pilko (Whose is the ball?)
- La pilko estas de Petro (The ball is Petro's)
De kie estas Ana? (From where is Ana?)
- Ana estas de la lando Usono (Ana is from the country USA)
Kiom estas ok plus du? (How much is eight plus two)
- Ok plus du estas dek. (Eight plus two is ten)
Kioma horo estas? (What hour is it?)
- Estas la unua (It is one)
Kion diras Ana? (What does Ana say?)
- Ana diras: Donu al mi la panon, mi petas (Ana says, give to me the bread, please)
Kial la knabo ridas (Why does the child laugh?)
- La knabo ridas cxar li estas felicxa (The child laughs because he is happy)
Cxu ok pli granda numero ol du? (Is eight a more large number than two?)
- Jes, ok pli granda numero ol du. (Yes, eight is a more large number than two)
Nouns
| Amiko = friend Apartamento = Apartment |
| Arbo = Tree Auxto = car |
| Banano = Banana Biciklo = Bicycle Birdo = bird |
| cxevalo = horse |
| Cxinio = China |
| Domo = House Filo = son Fisxo = fish |
| Fotilo = Camera |
| Fotisto =
Photographer Frato = brother |
| Frukto - Fruit Gepatroj = Parents |
| Haro = Hair |
| Hobio = hobby |
| Homo - Person |
| horo = hour |
| Hundo = Dog |
| ideologio = ideology |
| Infanto =
infant Insekto = insect |
| Instruisto = Teacher |
| Italio = Italy |
| jaro = year |
| junulo = young
person Kafo = coffee |
| Knabo - Child |
| Komputilo = Computer |
| komunismo =
communism Kontanto = cash Kuko = cake Kruco = cross Lakto = milk |
| Lando = country Maro = sea |
| Mateno = morning |
| minuto = minute Modelo = model Mono = money |
| Muziko = music |
| Nokto = Night |
| Nomo = Name Numero = number Pano = bread |
| Patro = father |
| persono = person |
| Pilko = Ball |
| Pomo = Apple |
| Programisto =
Programmer Sako = sack |
| Segxo = Chair Skibilo = writing instrument |
| stelo = star |
| Studento =
Student Sukero = sugar |
| Suno = Sun |
| Tablo - Table |
| tabulo = board / blackboard |
| tangokto = 24-hour period |
| Tego = Daytime Teo = tea Trancxilo = knife |
| urbo = city |
| Usono = USA |
| Vespero = Evening |
| Vetero = Weather |
| Virino - Woman |
| Viro - Man Vojo = route / road |
| vorto = word |
Verbs
| Acxeti = to buy Agxi = to be aged Amuzi = to amuse Brakumi = to embrace |
| Brili = to shine |
| Danci = to
dance Diri = to say Doni = to give Donaci = to donate |
| Dormi = to sleep |
| Esti - to be |
| fali = to fall |
| Faligi = to overthrow / to drop / to bring down |
| Fari = to do |
| Farti = to feel |
| Foti = to
photograph Forgesi = to forget |
| Havi = to have Heligxi = to get brighter |
| igi = to cause / to make |
| Instrui = to teach |
| Iri = to go Kapti = to catch Komenci = to begin Komputi = to compute |
| Kosti = to cost |
| Kuri = to run Lacigi = to cause to tire Lacigxi = to get tired Lavi = to wash |
| Logxi = to be
located Malheligxi = to get darker |
| Mangxi = to eat Meti = to put Okazi = to happen / to occur Pagi = to pay Pardoni = to pardon / to forgive Peti = to ask / to request |
| Programi = to
program (a computer) Plori = to cry Pluvi = to rain Ridi = to laugh Skribi = to write |
| Studi = to study |
| sxati = to like Sxategi = to love Trancxi = to cut Trinki = to drink Vendi = to sell Venturi = to travel Venturigi = to drive Vidi = to see Vojagxi = to travel Voli = to want |
Adjectives
| Bela = lovely / fine / beautiful / handsome Blanka = white Blua = blue Bona = Good (Malbona = Bad) |
| Bruna = Brown Felicxa = Happy |
| Flava = Yellow |
| Granda = Big Griza = Gray |
| Hela = Light / Bright / Clear (Malhela = Dark / Dim) |
| Juna = young |
| maljuna = old |
| Nigra - Black Nova = new |
| Rapide = fast |
| Rugxa = Red Varma = warm Verda = green |
Numbers
Nul = 0
Unu = 1
Du = 2
Tri = 3
Kvar = 4
Kvin = 5
Ses = 6
Sep = 7
Ok = 8
Naux = 9
Dek = 10
Dek unu = 11
...
Dudek = 20
Dudek unu = 21
...
Cent = 100
Cent unu = 101
...
Cent dudek unu = 121
...
Dudek = 200
...
Mil = 1000
Mil unu = 1001
...
Du mil = 2000
---
-a = ordinal numbers
la unua = first, la dua = second
---
duono = half
Pronouns
-a = makes possessive pronoun
Tio - this
Tiu - this (person)
Mi = Me
Vi = You
Li/Sxi/Gxi = He/She/It
Oni = one
Ni = We
Ili = They
Mia = My
Adverbs
-e = makes an adverb
| Matene =
in the morning Multe = a lot |
| Nokte = in the night |
| Profesie = professionally |
| Tage = in the
daytime Tagmere = at noon |
| Tre = very |
| Vespere = in the evening |
Others
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