Don Harlow has a variety of resources for learning Esperanto. One of these that is useful is his 16 Rules of Esperanto grammar. I've covered most all of these but I will put in short notes on what he lists based on what I've learned (so you should check out his page!).
1. There is no "a" / "an," and "la" is "the."
2. Noun endings: -o (singular regular noun), -oj (plural regular noun), -on (singular object noun), -ojn (plural object noun).
3. Adjectives agree with noun. -a, -aj, -an, -ajn.
4. Numbers: Numbers are built with complete regularity in the order of their base-10 place, and that base is stated after the number occupying it (du cent = 200), except for ones when it isn't called out (du = 2). To make the numbers ordinal, add -a. Fractions are -on (duon = half), multiples are -obl (duobl = double).
5. Pronouns: Mi, vi, li/sxi/gxi/oni, ni, ili. To make possessive add -a.
6. Verbs: infinitive = -i, present = -as, past = -is, future = -os, conditional = -us, imperative = -u. [He gives active and passive tenses as well that I haven't learned].
7. Adverbs: end in -e
8. Prepositions
9. Phonetics
10. Accent
11. Compound works: join with o if first word is object, i if first word is verb.
12. Negative: Ne / Ne-
13. Direction: requires -n on nouns
14. Je is a multipurpose preposition.
15. Borrowing foreign words (haven't learned enough about this to list notes)
16. Final vowel dropping (haven't learned enough about this to list notes)
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